What is Cosmos?

Cosmos is not simply a single chain, but a set of ecological and technical architecture designed to achieve true interoperability between chains. It attempts to deconstruct the limitations of traditional Layer 1 from the foundational level, reshaping the blockchain internet foundation of the Web3 era. This article will start from its underlying architecture and break down how Cosmos realizes this vision layer by layer.

Blockchain technology six-layer structure

The core of a Layer 1 public blockchain typically consists of the following six layers, each handling different technical functions:

1. Data Layer
   Store basic information on the Blockchain: transaction records, hash values, public keys, private keys, and timestamps.
2. Network Layer
   Responsible for the propagation and verification of data between nodes, establishing the overall P2P communication backbone.
3. Consensus Layer
   Establish data consistency among participating nodes through mechanisms such as PoW, PoS, or DPoS.
4. Incentive Layer
   Design the economic incentive logic for miners or validators to ensure correct and stable participant behavior.
5. Contract Layer
   It serves as the foundation for application development, carrying smart contracts and script logic.
6. Application Layer
   Present the final results of the Blockchain application, such as DApp, wallet, or DeFi interface.

Why does Cosmos need the seventh layer?

Although the six-layer architecture can support the normal operation of a blockchain, deeper integration is needed for multiple chains to exchange information, assets, and instructions. Cosmos introduces a “data transfer layer,” which plays a role similar to that of TCP/IP in the internet, becoming a bridge between various Layer 1 chains.

The three core components of Cosmos

1. BC: The universal language for communication between Blockchains
   IBC (Inter-Blockchain Communication) is responsible not only for data transmission but also for connecting various layers of Cosmos: the data layer, network layer, and underlying transmission logic. It enables Layer 1 Blockchains to interact as if they were devices using the same protocol to access the internet, achieving true inter-chain data and asset interoperability.

2. Tendermint: The Dual Core of Consensus and Incentives
Tendermint is the core consensus engine of Cosmos, consisting of the following two parts:

• Tendermint Core: A Byzantine fault-tolerant algorithm based on PoS that ensures data integrity and network security when 2/3 of the nodes reach consensus.
• ABCI (Application Blockchain Interface): Allows developers to write application logic that communicates with the Tendermint core in any programming language.

3. Cosmos SDK: A Rapid Development Framework for Blockchain
The Cosmos SDK provides developers with a modular framework to quickly establish a dedicated chain with complete governance and transaction capabilities. Its functionality spans the application layer and the contract layer, lowering the entry barrier and accelerating the pace of ecosystem expansion.

The ecosystem architecture and operating model of Cosmos

Cosmos divides the entire ecosystem into three types of chain nodes:

1. Hub: is the central node responsible for connecting multiple Zones, coordinating and processing cross-chain transactions between them.
2. Zone: Exists as an independent chain, capable of establishing connections with the Hub and supporting bidirectional communication via the IBC protocol.
3. Peg Zone: Provides a bridge connecting non-Cosmos SDK chains (such as Ethereum) to the Cosmos ecosystem, allowing more chains to enter the Cosmos network.

ATOM Token Economic Model

The native token of Cosmos, ATOM, can be used not only for network governance and staking but also to pay transaction fees and participate in block production.

• Maximum supply: Unlimited
• Circulating Supply: 280,000,000 coins
• Total wallets: over 1,500,000

Token Allocation:

• ICO: 75%
• Seed Investors: 5%
• Cosmos Foundation (ICF): 10%
• Development Team: 10%

ATOM’s design leans towards an inflationary mechanism to encourage token holders to participate in staking and governance.

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Summary

The mission of Cosmos is not just to build a fully functional chain, but to create a standardized platform for interaction between chains. Through the collaborative operation of IBC, Tendermint, and Cosmos SDK, it is laying the critical foundation for the internet of blockchains. In the future, whether it is emerging public chains, traditional asset chains, or the connection between Web2 and Web3, seamless integration may be achieved through Cosmos.